Nationalism Of Indonesian
23.07
Group 8
Member :
- Winda Riskianita
- Annika Niendhia
- M. Chana El Achyar
- Abel Pratama
- Understanding Nationalism Indonesia
Indonesian nationalism is a nationalist movement that arose in Indonesia to become an independent and sovereign nation. Since the 19th century and the 20th century appeared the seeds of nationalism in nations of Asia Africa , especially Indonesia .
- Factors Indonesian Nationalism
Factors that influence the emergence of nationalism:
Factors of the (internal)
- Memories of past glories
The nations of Asia and Africa have experienced the heyday before the entry and growth of western imperialism and colonialism. Nation India, Indonesia, Egypt, and Persia had experienced its heyday as an independent and sovereign nation. Glories of the past encourage the spirit to escape from colonialism. For Indonesia memories of past glories appear with their memories of the glory in the kingdom of Majapahit and Sriwijaya. Where in the Majapahit period, they were able to master the entire archipelago area, while the period of Sriwijaya was able to power the ocean because of the strong maritime.
- Merging of the countries of Asia and Africa since time immemorial
Factors that encourage a sense of nationalism Asia was not the result of colonization conducted by European nations to the nations of Asia, Africa, but rather a sense of unity that has been held since time immemorial, especially among racial or trade cooperation which has complementarity between parts manufacturers objects different (resulting in an exchange without greed as that of western nations). They respect and maintain. But the arrival of western nations that colonized resulted in them living in poverty and suffering that they want against western imperialism.
- The emergence of class scholars
The development of education led to the emergence of class intellectuals both the result of education and education western Indonesia alone. They are the driving force and leader of the emergence of the Indonesian national movement organizations which further the struggle against colonialism.
- Understand the growing nationalist in the political, social, economic, and cultural
- In politics, looks at efforts to voice the aspirations of the nationalist movement of indigenous people who have lived in oppression and human rights abuses. They wanted to destroy the power of foreign / colonial Indonesia.
- In the economic field, it appears with the elimination of economic exploitation of foreign businesses. The goal is to establish a society free from misery and squalor to improve the lives of the Indonesian people.
- In the field of culture, looking at efforts to protect, repair and restore the culture of Indonesia's endangered due to the influx of foreign culture in Indonesia. The nationalists tried to pay attention and to keep and grow the culture of indigenous peoples in Indonesia.
External factors (external)
- Japan's victory over Russia (1905)
In 1904-1905 Japan against Russia and Japan defeated Russia's army. This is because, modernization undertaken Japan that has brought rapid progress in various fields even in the military sphere. Originally owned by the Japanese forces that were able to resist Korea but then he went to Manchuria and parts of Russia. The success of Japan against Russia that encourages the birth of the spirit of the nations of Asia and Africa began to rise against foreign nationals in the country.
- Nationalism Developments in Various Countries
- National Movement of India
India to face England formed a national organization with the name "All India National Congress". Characters, Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, BG Tilak, etc. Mahatma Gandhi had a basic struggle:
- Ahimsa (forbidden to kill), namely anti-war movement.
- Ocher, is a movement in the original form without doing anything although they are in the office or factory.
- Satyagraha, a movement of the people of India not to cooperate with the British colonial government.
- Swadesi, the people of India to wear movement of goods made in their own country.
Besides the education Santiniketan by Tagore.
- Philippine National Movement
Driven by Jose Rizal with the aim to expel the Spanish colonizers in the Philippines. Authored novel form of Noli Me Tangere (Do not Touch I). Jose was arrested on 30 September 1896 was sentenced to death. Emilio finally resumed Aquinaldo successful proclaimed the independence of the Philippines dated June 12, 1898 but the United States managed to master the Philippines of the new independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.
- Nationalist People's Movement
This movement was led by Dr. Sun Yat Sen, who conducted reforms in all sectors of life of the Chinese nation. He opposes dynasty Mandsyu. Basic movements San Min Chu I:1. The Republic of China is a country of China's national 2. The Chinese government is prepared on the basis of democracy (people's sovereignty is in tanggan) 3. The Chinese government prioritizes social welfare for its people.
What was done by Dr. Sun Yat Sen very big influence on the movement of the people of Indonesia. Moreover, after the formation of the Nationalist Republic of China (1911).
- Movement of Young Turks (1908)
Led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha demanded the renewal and modernization in all sectors of community life. He wanted to be able to subvert Khilafa. Mustafa Kemal is an agent of Western countries to destroy the country's glorious Islamic bersistemkan. Mustafa Kemal was a British agent (Foreign invaders) pitting between the Turkish people and its leader, that caused distrust of the leader of the Turkish people. Though the system is Islam (Khilafah) that has brought the Turkish people into a prosperous society, not a country with a democratic system.
- The movement of the Egyptian Nationalism
Led by Arabi Pasha (1881-1882) with the purpose of opposing the power of the Europeans, especially the British over the land of Egypt. Their modern view of Egypt put forward by Muhammad Abduh affect the establishment of religious organizations in Indonesia like Muhammaddiyah.
The bottom line with the national movement of various countries is encouraging other countries including Indonesia to do the same thing which is against the occupation and colonialism in his country.
- Understand the emergence of new misunderstanding
The emergence of new notions abroad such as nationalism, liberalism, socialism, democracy and pan-Islamism is also the basis for the development of similar ideologies in Indonesia. The development of ideologies was seen in the use of ideologies (understand) the organization of the national movements in Indonesia.
- Growth and Development of Nationalism in Indonesia
- Growing nationalism in Indonesia
Nationalism is growing in Indonesia began after the rise of Islamic States. Budi Utomo already formed first is the organization of the "elite" that does not contribute in the growth of nationalism throughout the community. Islamic States made various efforts to foster nationalism throughout the area at the time the Dutch East Indies.
Because of the contributing factors described above, in Indonesia began to emerge spirit of nationalism. The spirit of nationalism was used as an ideological / understand the existing organization of the national movements. National Ideology in Indonesia introduced by the Indonesian National Party (PNI), chaired by Ir. Sukarno. PNI aims to fight for Indonesian life that is free from colonialism. While his goal is to achieve an independent and sovereign Indonesia, as well as the colonial government expel Dutch in Indonesia.
Nationalism as an ideology made with it will indicate that a nation have a common culture, language, region and purpose and ideals. So it will feel a deep loyalty to the national group.
- The development of nationalism in Indonesia
In an effort to foster a sense of nationalism in Indonesia begins with the formation of a national identity that is with the use of the term "Indonesia" to refer to our country. Where next term Indonesia is seen as a national identity, the symbol of the struggle of Indonesia in opposing the occupation. Words that can unite the nation in the struggle and the movement against the occupation, so that all forms of struggle carried out in the interests of Indonesia and not on behalf of the area again. Indonesian term used since:
- JR Logan uses the term to refer to the population and the Indonesian archipelago in his writings in the year 1850 .
- G. Windsor Earl, writing in the media belonging to JR Logan in 1850 refer to the population of the archipelago with Indonesia.
- And characters who popularized the term Indonesia in the international world.
- Indonesian term used also the name of a student organization in the Netherlands that was originally called Indische Vereninging into Indonesian Association.
- Men's magazine names Indies became Indonesia Merdeka
- Indonesian term increasingly popular since the Youth Pledge October 28th1928 . Through the Youth Pledge Indonesian word used as a national identity that is recognized by all nations, organizations, movements in Indonesia and outside Indonesia.
- The role of nationalism in Indonesia
Development of nationalism which leads to attempts to conduct a national movement against colonial order as can not be separated from the role of various groups in society, such as the class of educated / intellectuals, professional groups, and press groups.
- Educated class
Educated classes in Indonesian society when it was included in the elite group because it is still a bit of the native population to obtain education. Educational opportunity is a wonderful opportunity for the people of Indonesia. They receive education through schools established colonial were deemed to have good quality. With the western model of education they have, the educated class was seen as having a wide view so as not simply be known only but they are considered to have high sensitivity. Because besides obtaining classroom lessons they will form small groups to exchange ideas expressed their thoughts about the state of Indonesia through joint discussions. Though they come from different regions but they feel senasip sepenanggungan to jointly tackle their colonialism, capitalism, moral decline, cultural penetration, and the poverty of the people of Indonesia. Until eventually they form associations which later became the Organization of the National Movement.
They formed organizations of modern national vision. They tried to instill the importance of national unity, instilling a sense of nationalism, instilling a passion to prioritize everything for the sake of national interests of the private interests through the organization. Furthermore, through the organization of their national movement to resist occupation movement which in turn led Indonesia to independence.
So the educated group has a major role for Indonesia although its presence is very limited (minority) but educated group that is the pioneer of Indonesian national movement until we berjuangan against the invaders and gain independence.
- Professional group
Professional group is those who have specific professions such as teachers and doctors. Membership of this group is limited to people throughout the profession. The professional classes more and develop his profession in urban areas. Professional class in the colonial period had a close relationship with the people, so that they can know the existence of the people of Indonesia at the time. Thus, this group can mobilize popular forces against the Dutch colonial government power.
- Teacher's role
- Teachers are at the forefront of the Indonesian struggle to achieve independence and fought promote the Indonesian nation from underdevelopment.
- Teachers provide education and teaching to the next generation through education institutions that exist both the schools established by the colonial government and the schools established by the leaders of the Indonesian nation.
- Through education, the teacher can instill a sense of nationality / high sense of nationalism. So that children can realize the natives and the pressure from the Dutch colonial government.
- Teachers have to build and generate awareness of the Indonesian nation.
- Teachers have educated and delivery figures were reliable fighters in the struggle for freedom of the Indonesian nation from the clutches of the invaders.
- The indigenous people began to gather strength and struggle through modern organizations he founded. Organizations struggle founded by the educated people of Indonesia becomes a symbol of the struggle in determining measures to expel the Dutch colonial government and attempted to rescue the nation from all forms of foreign occupation.
For teachers place their struggles are educational institutions existing in that school teachers uplifting Indonesian struggle to achieve independence.
Examples of existing educational institutions, namely:
- College Student Park was founded by Ki Hajar Dewantara
- Institutions of University of Muhammadiyah was founded by KH Ahmad Dahlan
The teacher generated through the great figures of the Indonesian nation and major world figures. The teacher lies in the hands of reciprocation of a nation. So if there are no teachers then perhaps Indonesia could not be freed from colonial rule.
- Role of Doctors
- In colonial times the doctor has a very close relationship with people's lives.
- The doctor can feel the misery and suffering of the people of Indonesia through her illness. She listened to complaints experienced by the people of Indonesia. Suffering and misery experienced by the people of Indonesia is the result of various pressures and repression carried out by the Dutch colonial government.
- Ketergerakan their hearts realized through the struggle to form the umbrella organization that is social and cultural named Budi Utomo founded May 20, 1908 by Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Dr. Sutomo, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Dr. Cipto Gunawan.
- Group Releases
The press has begun to enter Indonesia in the 19th century, and the inclusion of the press in Indonesia provide considerable influence for the nation of Indonesia. The form of development of the press can be seen in the form of newspapers and magazines. Initially newspaper circulation is used only to strangers but due to the pursuit of customers from the indigenous communities there appears a newspaper in the Chinese modali but using the Malay language. The role of the media:
- Through the newspapers are political education, because through the paper turned out to be loaded issues concerning political problems emerging so indirectly through the newspaper has provided political education to the people of Indonesia.
- Through newspaper / magazine with social functions that broaden the knowledge base for the reader and can form opinions (opinions) public.
- Social and political education can be channeled through the writings in newspapers and the media that foster critical thinking and view of the reader who can raise awareness together for the Indonesian nation.
- Newspapers are printed communication media with the most potential to contain news, insight and polemics (exchange of ideas in a newspaper), even structurally ideas and thoughts can be communicated to the public.
- Although at that time the space for the press is restricted and tightly controlled by the colonial government. But through the newspaper as a means to convey everything desired and programmed by the government so far as possible be informed to the outside community. Where notification favor the Dutch East Indies colonial government.
During the Indonesian national movement, the newspaper has a very important role even organization of Indonesian national movement has had a newspaper alone, like Darmo Kondo (Budi Utomo), Oetoesan Indies(SI), Het Tiidsriff and De Expres (Indische Partij) , Indonesia Merdeka (Indonesian Association), Soeloeh Indonesia Moeda (PNI), Mind (Partindo), Ra'jat Daulah (PNI).
The newspapers are owned by these organizations be one means to convey forms of struggle to the people, so that people can find out and provide support to these organizations.
Stages of development of Indonesian nationalism is as follows:
- Period Early Development
In this period nationalist movement characterized by the struggle to improve the social and cultural situation. Organizations that emerged in this period is the Budi Utomo, SI and Muhammadiyah.
- Period of Political Nationalism
This period, the nationalist movement in Indonesia began to move in the field of politics to achieve the independence of Indonesia. Organizations that emerged in this period is Indische Partij and Youth Movement.
- Radical period
In this period, the nationalist movement in Indonesia aims to achieve independence both cooperative and non-cooperative (do not cooperate with the occupiers). Organizations engaged in non-cooperative, such as the Association of Indonesia, PKI, the PNI.
- Surviving period
This period, the nationalist movement in Indonesia is more moderation and consideration. Colored with the Dutch government's attitude is very reactive so that organizations are more oriented movement to survive in order not disbanded the Dutch government. Organizations and movements that developed in this period is Parindra, GAPI, Gerindo.
From the growth of nationalism was finally able to raise the spirit of unity and aspirations of independence as a nation united Indonesia from various tribes in Indonesia. Nationalism is a sublime flavor of the Indonesian nation, a reflection of the commitment that never professed decades ago, starting from a sense of brotherhood, camaraderie.
Research : https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Indonesia
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